Done challenge 8 part 1
[cipher-tools.git] / cipherbreak.py
index e563b81c071410c0bfc2350687d955942076da1f..342f5ed1fe6f6f593313e86751721aebe724adc3 100644 (file)
@@ -13,11 +13,22 @@ from multiprocessing import Pool
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-logger.addHandler(logging.FileHandler('cipher.log'))
+# logging.basicConfig(filename="cipher.log", level=logging.INFO)
+# logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger('cipherbreak')
 logger.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
-#logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
-#logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+# logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+# logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+# create the logging file handler
+fh = logging.FileHandler("cipher.log")
+formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
+fh.setFormatter(formatter)
+
+# add handler to logger object
+logger.addHandler(fh)
+
 
 from cipher import *
 from language_models import *
@@ -29,6 +40,18 @@ from language_models import *
 # timeit.timeit('keyword_break(c5a)', setup='gc.enable() ; from __main__ import c5a ; from cipher import keyword_break', number=1)
 # timeit.repeat('keyword_break_mp(c5a, chunksize=500)', setup='gc.enable() ; from __main__ import c5a ; from cipher import keyword_break_mp', repeat=5, number=1)
 
+
+def index_of_coincidence(text):
+    stext = sanitise(text)
+    counts = collections.Counter(stext)
+    denom = len(stext) * (len(text) - 1) / 26
+    return (
+        sum(max(counts[l] * counts[l] - 1, 0) for l in string.ascii_lowercase)
+        /
+        denom
+    )
+
+
 transpositions = collections.defaultdict(list)
 for word in keywords:
     transpositions[transpositions_of(word)] += [word]
@@ -198,31 +221,110 @@ def keyword_break_worker(message, keyword, wrap_alphabet, fitness):
                      wrap_alphabet, fit, sanitise(plaintext)[:50]))
     return (keyword, wrap_alphabet), fit
 
-def monoalphabetic_break_hillclimbing(message, max_iterations=10000000, 
-        fitness=Pletters):
-    ciphertext = unaccent(message).lower()
-    alphabet = list(string.ascii_lowercase)
-    random.shuffle(alphabet)
-    alphabet = ''.join(alphabet)
-    return monoalphabetic_break_hillclimbing_worker(ciphertext, alphabet,
-                                                    max_iterations, fitness)
-
-def monoalphabetic_break_hillclimbing_mp(message, workers=10, 
-        max_iterations = 10000000, fitness=Pletters, chunksize=1):
+# def monoalphabetic_break_hillclimbing(message, max_iterations=10000000, 
+#         alphabet=None, fitness=Pletters):
+#     ciphertext = unaccent(message).lower()
+#     if not alphabet:
+#         alphabet = list(string.ascii_lowercase)
+#         random.shuffle(alphabet)
+#         alphabet = cat(alphabet)
+#     return monoalphabetic_break_hillclimbing_worker(ciphertext, alphabet,
+#                                                     max_iterations, fitness)
+
+# def monoalphabetic_break_hillclimbing_mp(message, workers=10, 
+#         max_iterations = 10000000, alphabet=None, fitness=Pletters, chunksize=1):
+#     worker_args = []
+#     ciphertext = unaccent(message).lower()
+#     for i in range(workers):
+#         if alphabet:
+#             this_alphabet = alphabet
+#         else:
+#             this_alphabet = list(string.ascii_lowercase)
+#             random.shuffle(this_alphabet)
+#             this_alphabet = cat(this_alphabet)
+#         worker_args.append((ciphertext, this_alphabet, max_iterations, fitness))
+#     with Pool() as pool:
+#         breaks = pool.starmap(monoalphabetic_break_hillclimbing_worker,
+#                               worker_args, chunksize)
+#     return max(breaks, key=lambda k: k[1])
+
+# def monoalphabetic_break_hillclimbing_worker(message, alphabet,
+#         max_iterations, fitness):
+#     def swap(letters, i, j):
+#         if i > j:
+#             i, j = j, i
+#         if i == j:
+#             return letters
+#         else:
+#             return (letters[:i] + letters[j] + letters[i+1:j] + letters[i] +
+#                     letters[j+1:])
+#     best_alphabet = alphabet
+#     best_fitness = float('-inf')
+#     for i in range(max_iterations):
+#         alphabet = swap(best_alphabet, random.randrange(26), random.randrange(26))
+#         cipher_translation = ''.maketrans(string.ascii_lowercase, alphabet)
+#         plaintext = message.translate(cipher_translation)
+#         if fitness(plaintext) > best_fitness:
+#             best_fitness = fitness(plaintext)
+#             best_alphabet = alphabet
+#             print(i, best_alphabet, best_fitness, plaintext[:50])
+#     return best_alphabet, best_fitness
+
+
+def monoalphabetic_break_hillclimbing(message, 
+                              max_iterations=20000,
+                              plain_alphabet=None, 
+                              cipher_alphabet=None, 
+                              fitness=Pletters, chunksize=1):
+    return simulated_annealing_break(message, 
+                              workers=1, 
+                              initial_temperature=0,
+                              max_iterations=max_iterations,
+                              plain_alphabet=plain_alphabet, 
+                              cipher_alphabet=cipher_alphabet, 
+                              fitness=fitness, chunksize=chunksize)
+
+
+def monoalphabetic_break_hillclimbing_mp(message, 
+                              workers=10, 
+                              max_iterations=20000,
+                              plain_alphabet=None, 
+                              cipher_alphabet=None, 
+                              fitness=Pletters, chunksize=1):
+    return simulated_annealing_break(message, 
+                              workers=workers, 
+                              initial_temperature=0,
+                              max_iterations=max_iterations,
+                              plain_alphabet=plain_alphabet, 
+                              cipher_alphabet=cipher_alphabet, 
+                              fitness=fitness, chunksize=chunksize)
+
+
+def simulated_annealing_break(message, workers=10, 
+                              initial_temperature=200,
+                              max_iterations=20000,
+                              plain_alphabet=None, 
+                              cipher_alphabet=None, 
+                              fitness=Pletters, chunksize=1):
     worker_args = []
-    ciphertext = unaccent(message).lower()
+    ciphertext = sanitise(message)
     for i in range(workers):
-        alphabet = list(string.ascii_lowercase)
-        random.shuffle(alphabet)
-        alphabet = ''.join(alphabet)
-        worker_args.append((ciphertext, alphabet, max_iterations, fitness))
+        if not plain_alphabet:
+            plain_alphabet = string.ascii_lowercase
+        if not cipher_alphabet:
+            cipher_alphabet = list(string.ascii_lowercase)
+            random.shuffle(cipher_alphabet)
+            cipher_alphabet = cat(cipher_alphabet)
+        worker_args.append((ciphertext, plain_alphabet, cipher_alphabet, 
+                            initial_temperature, max_iterations, fitness))
     with Pool() as pool:
-        breaks = pool.starmap(monoalphabetic_break_hillclimbing_worker,
+        breaks = pool.starmap(simulated_annealing_break_worker,
                               worker_args, chunksize)
     return max(breaks, key=lambda k: k[1])
 
-def monoalphabetic_break_hillclimbing_worker(message, alphabet,
-        max_iterations, fitness):
+
+def simulated_annealing_break_worker(message, plain_alphabet, cipher_alphabet, 
+                                     t0, max_iterations, fitness):
     def swap(letters, i, j):
         if i > j:
             i, j = j, i
@@ -231,17 +333,56 @@ def monoalphabetic_break_hillclimbing_worker(message, alphabet,
         else:
             return (letters[:i] + letters[j] + letters[i+1:j] + letters[i] +
                     letters[j+1:])
-    best_alphabet = alphabet
-    best_fitness = float('-inf')
+    
+    temperature = t0
+
+    dt = t0 / (0.9 * max_iterations)
+    
+    current_alphabet = cipher_alphabet
+    alphabet = current_alphabet
+    cipher_translation = ''.maketrans(current_alphabet, plain_alphabet)
+    plaintext = message.translate(cipher_translation)
+    current_fitness = fitness(plaintext)
+
+    best_alphabet = current_alphabet
+    best_fitness = current_fitness
+    best_plaintext = plaintext
+    
+    # print('starting for', max_iterations)
     for i in range(max_iterations):
-        alphabet = swap(alphabet, random.randrange(26), random.randrange(26))
-        cipher_translation = ''.maketrans(string.ascii_lowercase, alphabet)
+        swap_a = random.randrange(26)
+        swap_b = (swap_a + int(random.gauss(0, 4))) % 26
+        alphabet = swap(current_alphabet, swap_a, swap_b)
+        cipher_translation = ''.maketrans(alphabet, plain_alphabet)
         plaintext = message.translate(cipher_translation)
-        if fitness(plaintext) > best_fitness:
-            best_fitness = fitness(plaintext)
-            best_alphabet = alphabet
-            print(i, best_alphabet, best_fitness, plaintext)
-    return best_alphabet, best_fitness
+        new_fitness = fitness(plaintext)
+        try:
+            sa_chance = math.exp((new_fitness - current_fitness) / temperature)
+        except (OverflowError, ZeroDivisionError):
+            # print('exception triggered: new_fit {}, current_fit {}, temp {}'.format(new_fitness, current_fitness, temperature))
+            sa_chance = 0
+        if (new_fitness > current_fitness or random.random() < sa_chance):
+            # logger.debug('Simulated annealing: iteration {}, temperature {}, '
+            #     'current alphabet {}, current_fitness {}, '
+            #     'best_plaintext {}'.format(i, temperature, current_alphabet, 
+            #     current_fitness, best_plaintext[:50]))
+
+            # logger.debug('new_fit {}, current_fit {}, temp {}, sa_chance {}'.format(new_fitness, current_fitness, temperature, sa_chance))
+            current_fitness = new_fitness
+            current_alphabet = alphabet
+            
+        if current_fitness > best_fitness:
+            best_alphabet = current_alphabet
+            best_fitness = current_fitness
+            best_plaintext = plaintext
+        if i % 500 == 0:
+            logger.debug('Simulated annealing: iteration {}, temperature {}, '
+                'current alphabet {}, current_fitness {}, '
+                'best_plaintext {}'.format(i, temperature, current_alphabet, 
+                current_fitness, plaintext[:50]))
+        temperature = max(temperature - dt, 0.001)
+
+    return best_alphabet, best_fitness # current_alphabet, current_fitness
 
 
 def vigenere_keyword_break_mp(message, wordlist=keywords, fitness=Pletters,
@@ -251,7 +392,7 @@ def vigenere_keyword_break_mp(message, wordlist=keywords, fitness=Pletters,
     >>> vigenere_keyword_break_mp(vigenere_encipher(sanitise('this is a test ' \
              'message for the vigenere decipherment'), 'cat'), \
              wordlist=['cat', 'elephant', 'kangaroo']) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
-    ('cat', -52.947271216...)
+    ('cat', -52.9472712...)
     """
     with Pool() as pool:
         helper_args = [(message, word, fitness)
@@ -282,11 +423,11 @@ def vigenere_frequency_break(message, max_key_length=20, fitness=Pletters):
             "certain that the theft has been discovered and that I will " \
             "be caught. The SS officer visits less often now that he is " \
             "sure"), 'florence')) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
-    ('florence', -307.5473096791...)
+    ('florence', -307.5473096...)
     """
     def worker(message, key_length, fitness):
         splits = every_nth(sanitised_message, key_length)
-        key = ''.join([chr(caesar_break(s)[0] + ord('a')) for s in splits])
+        key = cat([unpos(caesar_break(s)[0]) for s in splits])
         plaintext = vigenere_decipher(message, key)
         fit = fitness(plaintext)
         return key, fit
@@ -296,6 +437,33 @@ def vigenere_frequency_break(message, max_key_length=20, fitness=Pletters):
     return max(results, key=lambda k: k[1])
 
 
+def beaufort_sub_break(message, fitness=Pletters):
+    """Breaks one chunk of a Beaufort cipher with frequency analysis
+
+    >>> beaufort_sub_break('samwpplggnnmmyaazgympjapopnwiywwomwspgpjmefwmawx' \
+      'jafjhxwwwdigxshnlywiamhyshtasxptwueahhytjwsn') # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    (0, -117.4492...)
+    >>> beaufort_sub_break('eyprzjjzznxymrygryjqmqhznjrjjapenejznawngnnezgza' \
+      'dgndknaogpdjneadadazlhkhxkryevrronrmdjnndjlo') # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    (17, -114.9598...)
+    """
+    best_shift = 0
+    best_fit = float('-inf')
+    for key in range(26):
+        plaintext = [unpos(key - pos(l)) for l in message]
+        fit = fitness(plaintext)
+        logger.debug('Beaufort sub break attempt using key {0} gives fit of {1} '
+                     'and decrypt starting: {2}'.format(key, fit,
+                                                        plaintext[:50]))
+        if fit > best_fit:
+            best_fit = fit
+            best_key = key
+    logger.info('Beaufort sub break best fit: key {0} gives fit of {1} and '
+                'decrypt starting: {2}'.format(best_key, best_fit, 
+                    cat([unpos(best_key - pos(l)) for l in message[:50]])))
+    return best_key, best_fit
+
+
 def beaufort_frequency_break(message, max_key_length=20, fitness=Pletters):
     """Breaks a Beaufort cipher with frequency analysis
 
@@ -309,17 +477,111 @@ def beaufort_frequency_break(message, max_key_length=20, fitness=Pletters):
     ('florence', -307.5473096791...)
     """
     def worker(message, key_length, fitness):
-        splits = every_nth(sanitised_message, key_length)
-        key = ''.join([chr(-caesar_break(s)[0] % 26 + ord('a'))
-                       for s in splits])
+        splits = every_nth(message, key_length)
+        key = cat([unpos(beaufort_sub_break(s)[0]) for s in splits])
         plaintext = beaufort_decipher(message, key)
         fit = fitness(plaintext)
         return key, fit
     sanitised_message = sanitise(message)
+    results = starmap(worker, [(sanitised_message, i, fitness)
+                               for i in range(1, max_key_length+1)])
+    return max(results, key=lambda k: k[1])    
+
+
+def beaufort_variant_frequency_break(message, max_key_length=20, fitness=Pletters):
+    """Breaks a Beaufort cipher with frequency analysis
+
+    >>> beaufort_variant_frequency_break(beaufort_variant_encipher(sanitise("It is time to " \
+            "run. She is ready and so am I. I stole Daniel's pocketbook this " \
+            "afternoon when he left his jacket hanging on the easel in the " \
+            "attic. I jump every time I hear a footstep on the stairs, " \
+            "certain that the theft has been discovered and that I will " \
+            "be caught. The SS officer visits less often now " \
+            "that he is sure"), 'florence')) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    ('florence', -307.5473096791...)
+    """
+    def worker(message, key_length, fitness):
+        splits = every_nth(sanitised_message, key_length)
+        key = cat([unpos(-caesar_break(s)[0]) for s in splits])
+        plaintext = beaufort_variant_decipher(message, key)
+        fit = fitness(plaintext)
+        return key, fit
+    sanitised_message = sanitise(message)
     results = starmap(worker, [(sanitised_message, i, fitness)
                                for i in range(1, max_key_length+1)])
     return max(results, key=lambda k: k[1])
 
+def polybius_break_mp(message, column_labels, row_labels,
+                      letters_to_merge=None,
+                      wordlist=keywords, fitness=Pletters,
+                      number_of_solutions=1, chunksize=500):
+    """Breaks a Polybius substitution cipher using a dictionary and
+    frequency analysis
+
+    >>> polybius_break_mp(polybius_encipher('this is a test message for the ' \
+          'polybius decipherment', 'elephant', 'abcde', 'abcde'), \
+          'abcde', 'abcde', \
+          wordlist=['cat', 'elephant', 'kangaroo']) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS, +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
+    (('elephant', <KeywordWrapAlphabet.from_a: 1>, 'abcde', 'abcde', False), \
+    -54.53880...)
+    >>> polybius_break_mp(polybius_encipher('this is a test message for the ' \
+          'polybius decipherment', 'elephant', 'abcde', 'abcde', column_first=True), \
+          'abcde', 'abcde', \
+          wordlist=['cat', 'elephant', 'kangaroo']) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS, +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
+    (('elephant', <KeywordWrapAlphabet.from_a: 1>, 'abcde', 'abcde', True), \
+    -54.53880...)
+    >>> polybius_break_mp(polybius_encipher('this is a test message for the ' \
+          'polybius decipherment', 'elephant', 'abcde', 'abcde', column_first=False), \
+          'abcde', 'abcde', \
+          wordlist=['cat', 'elephant', 'kangaroo']) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS, +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
+    (('elephant', <KeywordWrapAlphabet.from_a: 1>, 'abcde', 'abcde', False), \
+    -54.53880...)
+    >>> polybius_break_mp(polybius_encipher('this is a test message for the ' \
+          'polybius decipherment', 'elephant', 'abcde', 'pqrst', column_first=True), \
+          'abcde', 'pqrst', \
+          wordlist=['cat', 'elephant', 'kangaroo']) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS, +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
+    (('elephant', <KeywordWrapAlphabet.from_a: 1>, 'abcde', 'pqrst', True), \
+    -54.53880...)
+    """
+    if letters_to_merge is None: 
+        letters_to_merge = {'j': 'i'}
+    with Pool() as pool:
+        helper_args = [(message, word, wrap, 
+                        column_labels, row_labels, column_first, 
+                        letters_to_merge, 
+                        fitness)
+                       for word in wordlist
+                       for wrap in KeywordWrapAlphabet
+                       for column_first in [False, True]]
+        # Gotcha: the helper function here needs to be defined at the top level
+        #   (limitation of Pool.starmap)
+        breaks = pool.starmap(polybius_break_worker, helper_args, chunksize)
+        if number_of_solutions == 1:
+            return max(breaks, key=lambda k: k[1])
+        else:
+            return sorted(breaks, key=lambda k: k[1], reverse=True)[:number_of_solutions]
+
+def polybius_break_worker(message, keyword, wrap_alphabet, 
+                          column_order, row_order, column_first, 
+                          letters_to_merge, 
+                          fitness):
+    plaintext = polybius_decipher(message, keyword, 
+                                  column_order, row_order, 
+                                  column_first=column_first,
+                                  letters_to_merge=letters_to_merge, 
+                                  wrap_alphabet=wrap_alphabet)
+    if plaintext:
+        fit = fitness(plaintext)
+    else:
+        fit = float('-inf')
+    logger.debug('Polybius break attempt using key {0} (wrap={1}, merging {2}), '
+                 'columns as {3}, rows as {4} (column_first={5}) '
+                 'gives fit of {6} and decrypt starting: '
+                 '{7}'.format(keyword, wrap_alphabet, letters_to_merge,
+                              column_order, row_order, column_first,
+                              fit, sanitise(plaintext)[:50]))
+    return (keyword, wrap_alphabet, column_order, row_order, column_first), fit
+
 
 def column_transposition_break_mp(message, translist=transpositions,
                                   fitness=Pbigrams, chunksize=500):
@@ -355,7 +617,7 @@ def column_transposition_break_mp(message, translist=transpositions,
     with Pool() as pool:
         helper_args = [(message, trans, fillcolumnwise, emptycolumnwise,
                         fitness)
-                       for trans in translist.keys()
+                       for trans in translist
                        for fillcolumnwise in [True, False]
                        for emptycolumnwise in [True, False]]
         # Gotcha: the helper function here needs to be defined at the top level
@@ -416,6 +678,19 @@ def scytale_break_mp(message, max_key_length=20,
 scytale_break = scytale_break_mp
 
 
+def railfence_break(message, max_key_length=20,
+                     fitness=Pletters, chunksize=500):
+    """Breaks a hill cipher using a matrix of given rank and letter frequencies
+
+    
+    """
+    
+    sanitised_message = sanitise(message)
+    results = starmap(worker, [(sanitised_message, i, fitness)
+                               for i in range(2, max_key_length+1)])
+    return max(results, key=lambda k: k[1])
+
+
 def railfence_break(message, max_key_length=20,
                      fitness=Pbigrams, chunksize=500):
     """Breaks a railfence cipher using a range of lengths and
@@ -445,12 +720,223 @@ def railfence_break(message, max_key_length=20,
         plaintext = railfence_decipher(message, height)
         fit = fitness(plaintext)
         return height, fit
-        
+
     sanitised_message = sanitise(message)
     results = starmap(worker, [(sanitised_message, i, fitness)
                                for i in range(2, max_key_length+1)])
     return max(results, key=lambda k: k[1])
 
+def amsco_break(message, translist=transpositions, patterns = [(1, 2), (2, 1)],
+                                  fillstyles = [AmscoFillStyle.continuous, 
+                                                AmscoFillStyle.same_each_row, 
+                                                AmscoFillStyle.reverse_each_row],
+                                  fitness=Pbigrams, 
+                                  chunksize=500):
+    """Breaks an AMSCO transposition cipher using a dictionary and
+    n-gram frequency analysis
+
+    >>> amsco_break(amsco_transposition_encipher(sanitise( \
+            "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in \
+             possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. However \
+             little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his \
+             first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in \
+             the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the \
+             rightful property of some one or other of their daughters."), \
+        'encipher'), \
+        translist={(2, 0, 5, 3, 1, 4, 6): ['encipher'], \
+                   (5, 0, 6, 1, 3, 4, 2): ['fourteen'], \
+                   (6, 1, 0, 4, 5, 3, 2): ['keyword']}, \
+        patterns=[(1, 2)]) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    (((2, 0, 5, 3, 1, 4, 6), (1, 2), <AmscoFillStyle.continuous: 1>), -709.4646722...)
+    >>> amsco_break(amsco_transposition_encipher(sanitise( \
+            "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in \
+             possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. However \
+             little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his \
+             first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in \
+             the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the \
+             rightful property of some one or other of their daughters."), \
+        'encipher', fillpattern=(2, 1)), \
+        translist={(2, 0, 5, 3, 1, 4, 6): ['encipher'], \
+                   (5, 0, 6, 1, 3, 4, 2): ['fourteen'], \
+                   (6, 1, 0, 4, 5, 3, 2): ['keyword']}, \
+        patterns=[(1, 2), (2, 1)], fitness=Ptrigrams) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    (((2, 0, 5, 3, 1, 4, 6), (2, 1), <AmscoFillStyle.continuous: 1>), -997.0129085...)
+    """
+    with Pool() as pool:
+        helper_args = [(message, trans, pattern, fillstyle, fitness)
+                       for trans in translist
+                       for pattern in patterns
+                       for fillstyle in fillstyles]
+        # Gotcha: the helper function here needs to be defined at the top level
+        #   (limitation of Pool.starmap)
+        breaks = pool.starmap(amsco_break_worker, helper_args, chunksize) 
+        return max(breaks, key=lambda k: k[1])
+
+def amsco_break_worker(message, transposition,
+        pattern, fillstyle, fitness):
+    plaintext = amsco_transposition_decipher(message, transposition,
+        fillpattern=pattern, fillstyle=fillstyle)
+    fit = fitness(sanitise(plaintext))
+    logger.debug('AMSCO transposition break attempt using key {0} and pattern'
+                         '{1} ({2}) gives fit of {3} and decrypt starting: '
+                         '{4}'.format(
+                             transposition, pattern, fillstyle, fit, 
+                             sanitise(plaintext)[:50]))
+    return (transposition, pattern, fillstyle), fit
+
+
+def hill_break(message, matrix_size=2, fitness=Pletters, 
+    number_of_solutions=1, chunksize=500):
+
+    all_matrices = [np.matrix(list(m)) 
+        for m in itertools.product([list(r) 
+            for r in itertools.product(range(26), repeat=matrix_size)], 
+        repeat=matrix_size)]
+    valid_matrices = [m for m, d in 
+        zip(all_matrices, (int(round(linalg.det(m))) for m in all_matrices))
+                  if d != 0
+                  if d % 2 != 0
+                  if d % 13 != 0 ]
+    with Pool() as pool:
+        helper_args = [(message, matrix, fitness)
+                       for matrix in valid_matrices]
+        # Gotcha: the helper function here needs to be defined at the top level
+        #   (limitation of Pool.starmap)
+        breaks = pool.starmap(hill_break_worker, helper_args, chunksize)
+        if number_of_solutions == 1:
+            return max(breaks, key=lambda k: k[1])
+        else:
+            return sorted(breaks, key=lambda k: k[1], reverse=True)[:number_of_solutions]
+
+def hill_break_worker(message, matrix, fitness):
+    plaintext = hill_decipher(matrix, message)
+    fit = fitness(plaintext)
+    logger.debug('Hill cipher break attempt using key {0} gives fit of '
+                 '{1} and decrypt starting: {2}'.format(matrix, 
+                     fit, sanitise(plaintext)[:50]))
+    return matrix, fit
+
+def bifid_break_mp(message, wordlist=keywords, fitness=Pletters, max_period=10,
+                     number_of_solutions=1, chunksize=500):
+    """Breaks a keyword substitution cipher using a dictionary and
+    frequency analysis
+
+    >>> bifid_break_mp(bifid_encipher('this is a test message for the ' \
+          'keyword decipherment', 'elephant', wrap_alphabet=KeywordWrapAlphabet.from_last), \
+          wordlist=['cat', 'elephant', 'kangaroo']) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    (('elephant', <KeywordWrapAlphabet.from_last: 2>, 0), -52.834575011...)
+    >>> bifid_break_mp(bifid_encipher('this is a test message for the ' \
+          'keyword decipherment', 'elephant', wrap_alphabet=KeywordWrapAlphabet.from_last), \
+          wordlist=['cat', 'elephant', 'kangaroo'], \
+          number_of_solutions=2) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS, +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
+    [(('elephant', <KeywordWrapAlphabet.from_last: 2>, 0), -52.834575011...), 
+    (('elephant', <KeywordWrapAlphabet.from_largest: 3>, 0), -52.834575011...)]
+    """
+    with Pool() as pool:
+        helper_args = [(message, word, wrap, period, fitness)
+                       for word in wordlist
+                       for wrap in KeywordWrapAlphabet
+                       for period in range(max_period+1)]
+        # Gotcha: the helper function here needs to be defined at the top level
+        #   (limitation of Pool.starmap)
+        breaks = pool.starmap(bifid_break_worker, helper_args, chunksize)
+        if number_of_solutions == 1:
+            return max(breaks, key=lambda k: k[1])
+        else:
+            return sorted(breaks, key=lambda k: k[1], reverse=True)[:number_of_solutions]
+
+def bifid_break_worker(message, keyword, wrap_alphabet, period, fitness):
+    plaintext = bifid_decipher(message, keyword, wrap_alphabet, period=period)
+    fit = fitness(plaintext)
+    logger.debug('Keyword break attempt using key {0} (wrap={1}) gives fit of '
+                 '{2} and decrypt starting: {3}'.format(keyword, 
+                     wrap_alphabet, fit, sanitise(plaintext)[:50]))
+    return (keyword, wrap_alphabet, period), fit
+
+
+def autokey_sa_break( message
+                    , min_keylength=2
+                    , max_keylength=20
+                    , workers=10
+                    , initial_temperature=200
+                    , max_iterations=20000
+                    , fitness=Pletters
+                    , chunksize=1
+                    , result_count=1
+                    ):
+    """Break an autokey cipher by simulated annealing
+    """
+    worker_args = []
+    ciphertext = sanitise(message)
+    for keylength in range(min_keylength, max_keylength+1):
+        for i in range(workers):
+            key = cat(random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for _ in range(keylength))
+            worker_args.append((ciphertext, key, 
+                            initial_temperature, max_iterations, fitness))
+            
+    with Pool() as pool:
+        breaks = pool.starmap(autokey_sa_break_worker,
+                              worker_args, chunksize)
+    if result_count <= 1:
+        return max(breaks, key=lambda k: k[1])
+    else:
+        return sorted(set(breaks), key=lambda k: k[1], reverse=True)[:result_count]
+
+
+def autokey_sa_break_worker(message, key, 
+                                     t0, max_iterations, fitness):
+   
+    temperature = t0
+
+    dt = t0 / (0.9 * max_iterations)
+    
+    plaintext = autokey_decipher(message, key)
+    current_fitness = fitness(plaintext)
+    current_key = key
+
+    best_key = current_key
+    best_fitness = current_fitness
+    best_plaintext = plaintext
+    
+    # print('starting for', max_iterations)
+    for i in range(max_iterations):
+        swap_pos = random.randrange(len(current_key))
+        swap_char = random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase)
+        
+        new_key = current_key[:swap_pos] + swap_char + current_key[swap_pos+1:]
+        
+        plaintext = autokey_decipher(message, new_key)
+        new_fitness = fitness(plaintext)
+        try:
+            sa_chance = math.exp((new_fitness - current_fitness) / temperature)
+        except (OverflowError, ZeroDivisionError):
+            # print('exception triggered: new_fit {}, current_fit {}, temp {}'.format(new_fitness, current_fitness, temperature))
+            sa_chance = 0
+        if (new_fitness > current_fitness or random.random() < sa_chance):
+            # logger.debug('Simulated annealing: iteration {}, temperature {}, '
+            #     'current alphabet {}, current_fitness {}, '
+            #     'best_plaintext {}'.format(i, temperature, current_alphabet, 
+            #     current_fitness, best_plaintext[:50]))
+
+            # logger.debug('new_fit {}, current_fit {}, temp {}, sa_chance {}'.format(new_fitness, current_fitness, temperature, sa_chance))
+#             print(new_fitness, new_key, plaintext[:100])
+            current_fitness = new_fitness
+            current_key = new_key
+            
+        if current_fitness > best_fitness:
+            best_key = current_key
+            best_fitness = current_fitness
+            best_plaintext = plaintext
+        if i % 500 == 0:
+            logger.debug('Simulated annealing: iteration {}, temperature {}, '
+                'current key {}, current_fitness {}, '
+                'best_plaintext {}'.format(i, temperature, current_key, 
+                current_fitness, plaintext[:50]))
+        temperature = max(temperature - dt, 0.001)
+        
+#     print(best_key, best_fitness, best_plaintext[:70])
+    return best_key, best_fitness # current_alphabet, current_fitness
+
 
 def pocket_enigma_break_by_crib(message, wheel_spec, crib, crib_position):
     """Break a pocket enigma using a crib (some plaintext that's expected to
@@ -481,13 +967,13 @@ def pocket_enigma_break_by_crib(message, wheel_spec, crib, crib_position):
 
 
 def plot_frequency_histogram(freqs, sort_key=None):
-    x = range(len(freqs.keys()))
-    y = [freqs[l] for l in sorted(freqs.keys(), key=sort_key)]
+    x = range(len(freqs))
+    y = [freqs[l] for l in sorted(freqs, key=sort_key)]
     f = plt.figure()
     ax = f.add_axes([0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9])
     ax.bar(x, y, align='center')
     ax.set_xticks(x)
-    ax.set_xticklabels(sorted(freqs.keys(), key=sort_key))
+    ax.set_xticklabels(sorted(freqs, key=sort_key))
     f.show()