>>> every_nth(string.ascii_lowercase, 5, fillvalue='!')
['afkpuz', 'bglqv!', 'chmrw!', 'dinsx!', 'ejoty!']
"""
- split_text = [text[i:i+n] for i in range(0, len(text), n)]
+ split_text = chunks(text, n, fillvalue)
return [''.join(l) for l in zip_longest(*split_text, fillvalue=fillvalue)]
def combine_every_nth(split_text):
>>> scytale_encipher('thequickbrownfox', 4)
'tubnhirfecooqkwx'
>>> scytale_encipher('thequickbrownfox', 5)
- 'tubnhirfecooqkwx'
+ 'tubn hirf ecoo qkwx '
>>> scytale_encipher('thequickbrownfox', 6)
'tqcrnxhukof eibwo '
>>> scytale_encipher('thequickbrownfox', 7)
- 'tqcrnxhukof eibwo '
+ 'tqcrnx hukof eibwo '
"""
- transpositions = [i for i in range(math.ceil(len(message) / rows))]
+ # transpositions = [i for i in range(math.ceil(len(message) / rows))]
+ # return column_transposition_encipher(message, transpositions,
+ # fillvalue=fillvalue, fillcolumnwise=False, emptycolumnwise=True)
+ transpositions = [i for i in range(rows)]
return column_transposition_encipher(message, transpositions,
- fillcolumnwise=False, emptycolumnwise=True)
+ fillvalue=fillvalue, fillcolumnwise=True, emptycolumnwise=False)
def scytale_decipher(message, rows):
"""Deciphers using the scytale transposition cipher.
'thequickbrownfox '
>>> scytale_decipher('tubnhirfecooqkwx', 4)
'thequickbrownfox'
- >>> scytale_decipher('tubnhirfecooqkwx', 5)
- 'thequickbrownfox'
+ >>> scytale_decipher('tubn hirf ecoo qkwx ', 5)
+ 'thequickbrownfox '
>>> scytale_decipher('tqcrnxhukof eibwo ', 6)
'thequickbrownfox '
- >>> scytale_decipher('tqcrnxhukof eibwo ', 7)
- 'thequickbrownfox '
+ >>> scytale_decipher('tqcrnx hukof eibwo ', 7)
+ 'thequickbrownfox '
"""
- transpositions = [i for i in range(math.ceil(len(message) / rows))]
+ # transpositions = [i for i in range(math.ceil(len(message) / rows))]
+ # return column_transposition_decipher(message, transpositions,
+ # fillcolumnwise=False, emptycolumnwise=True)
+ transpositions = [i for i in range(rows)]
return column_transposition_decipher(message, transpositions,
- fillcolumnwise=False, emptycolumnwise=True)
+ fillcolumnwise=True, emptycolumnwise=False)
if __name__ == "__main__":
--- /dev/null
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+ <head>
+ <title>Breaking keyword ciphers</title>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
+ <style type="text/css">
+ /* Slideshow styles */
+ body {
+ font-size: 20px;
+ }
+ h1, h2, h3 {
+ font-weight: 400;
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+ }
+ h1 { font-size: 3em; }
+ h2 { font-size: 2em; }
+ h3 { font-size: 1.6em; }
+ a, a > code {
+ text-decoration: none;
+ }
+ code {
+ -moz-border-radius: 5px;
+ -web-border-radius: 5px;
+ background: #e7e8e2;
+ border-radius: 5px;
+ font-size: 16px;
+ }
+ .plaintext {
+ background: #272822;
+ color: #80ff80;
+ text-shadow: 0 0 20px #333;
+ padding: 2px 5px;
+ }
+ .ciphertext {
+ background: #272822;
+ color: #ff6666;
+ text-shadow: 0 0 20px #333;
+ padding: 2px 5px;
+ }
+ .float-right {
+ float: right;
+ }
+ </style>
+ </head>
+ <body>
+ <textarea id="source">
+
+# Taking this further
+
+### Countdown
+* Conundrum
+* Letters
+ * Picking letters to maximise score
+* Numbers
+ * Read the "Functional Pearl"
+
+### Hangman
+* Letter probabilities based on each word occurring once in the dictionary
+* Set of candidate words filtered by length, letters guessed
+
+### Text generation
+* Read some text, find the n-grams, generate more text from that.
+
+### Spelling correction
+* Suggest the most likely correct word, given the probability of these errors.
+
+ </textarea>
+ <script src="http://gnab.github.io/remark/downloads/remark-0.6.0.min.js" type="text/javascript">
+ </script>
+
+ <script type="text/javascript"
+ src="http://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML&delayStartupUntil=configured"></script>
+
+ <script type="text/javascript">
+ var slideshow = remark.create({ ratio: "16:9" });
+
+ // Setup MathJax
+ MathJax.Hub.Config({
+ tex2jax: {
+ skipTags: ['script', 'noscript', 'style', 'textarea', 'pre']
+ }
+ });
+ MathJax.Hub.Queue(function() {
+ $(MathJax.Hub.getAllJax()).map(function(index, elem) {
+ return(elem.SourceElement());
+ }).parent().addClass('has-jax');
+ });
+ MathJax.Hub.Configured();
+ </script>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
--- /dev/null
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+ <head>
+ <title>Keyword ciphers</title>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
+ <style type="text/css">
+ /* Slideshow styles */
+ body {
+ font-size: 20px;
+ }
+ h1, h2, h3 {
+ font-weight: 400;
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+ }
+ h1 { font-size: 3em; }
+ h2 { font-size: 2em; }
+ h3 { font-size: 1.6em; }
+ a, a > code {
+ text-decoration: none;
+ }
+ code {
+ -moz-border-radius: 5px;
+ -web-border-radius: 5px;
+ background: #e7e8e2;
+ border-radius: 5px;
+ font-size: 16px;
+ }
+ .plaintext {
+ background: #272822;
+ color: #80ff80;
+ text-shadow: 0 0 20px #333;
+ padding: 2px 5px;
+ }
+ .ciphertext {
+ background: #272822;
+ color: #ff6666;
+ text-shadow: 0 0 20px #333;
+ padding: 2px 5px;
+ }
+ .float-right {
+ float: right;
+ }
+ </style>
+ </head>
+ <body>
+ <textarea id="source">
+
+# Transposition ciphers
+
+ attack the fort at dawn
+
+ a t t a c
+ k t h e f
+ o r t a t
+ d a w n
+
+ akod ttra aean cft
+
+---
+
+# Transposition ciphers
+
+Rather than changing symbols (substitution ciphers),
+
+Rearrange them.
+
+Still disguises the message.
+
+(Good ciphers do both, and more.)
+
+---
+
+# Scytale
+
+Even older than Caesar cipher.
+
+* Wrap a strip round a pole
+* Write the message along it
+* Unwind the strip
+* "Unreadable" unless reader has pole of same diameter
+
+ attack the fort at dawn
+
+ a t t a c
+ k t h e f
+ o r t a t
+ d a w n
+
+ akod ttra aean cft
+
+---
+
+# Generalising: column transposition ciphers
+
+Scytale essentially fills a grid by rows, then reads it by columns
+
+* (Deciphering is the reverse)
+
+Column transposition ciphers:
+
+* Fill a grid
+* Reorder columns based on keyword
+* Read the grid (perhaps different direction)
+
+Scytale is just a special case of column transposition.
+
+---
+
+# Grids and data structures
+
+How to represent a grid?
+
+What operations do we need to do on it?
+
+---
+
+# Grids and data structures
+
+How to represent a grid?
+
+* List of strings
+* Each row is a string
+* Rows in order in the list
+
+What operations do we need to do on it?
+
+* Fill, by rows or columns
+* Empty, by rows or columns
+* Rearrange columns
+* Calculate the size of the grid
+* Pad message to fit a rectangle of the required size
+
+---
+
+# Finding sizes
+
+Know number of columns
+
+Number of rows = ceiling(message length / columns)
+
+Paddding is (rows * columns) - message length
+
+* What to use as default padding?
+* Keyword parameter!
+
+## Fit 'thequickbrownfox' (16 letters) into grid of
+
+* 4 columns
+* 5 columns
+
+---
+
+# Fill and empty grid by rows
+
+Split message into row-sized chunks
+
+* slices and ranges
+
+Append all the rows together
+
+* `<string>.join()`
+
+Keep thinking about test cases!
+
+---
+
+# Fill and empty grid by columns
+
+Idea: fill and empty by rows, with a transposition.
+
+`zip(*rows)` and `itertools.zip_longest(*rows)`
+
+---
+
+# Swapping columns
+
+How to represent a transposition (_permutation_, to mathematicians)?
+
+How to create it from a keyword?
+
+---
+
+# Idea of a transposition
+
+Says, for each element, where it should go
+
+```
+0 1 2 3 4 5 6
+t r e a s o n
+
+a e n o r s t
+3 2 6 5 1 4 0
+```
+
+The transposition `(3, 2, 6, 5, 1, 4, 0)` says that what was in position 3 moves to position 0, what was in position 2 moves to position 1, what was in position 6 moves to position 2, ...
+
+`enumerate(_iterable_)` yields an iterator that walks over the iterator, including the element indexes.
+
+```python
+>>> [i for i in enumerate('treason')]
+[(0, 't'), (1, 'r'), (2, 'e'), (3, 'a'), (4, 's'), (5, 'o'), (6, 'n')]
+>>> [i for i in enumerate((3, 2, 6, 5, 1, 4, 0))]
+[(0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 1), (5, 4), (6, 0)]
+```
+
+Write the `transpose` and `untranspose` functions.
+
+---
+
+# Transposition from a keyword
+
+Deduplicate the keyword
+
+Sort it
+
+Use `<iterable>.index()` to find the positions of the letters in the sorted keyword
+
+---
+
+# Transposition ciphers
+
+Put it all together
+
+---
+
+# Masking the fill characters
+
+Padding characters can be distinctive.
+
+Make a function that generates a random letter, based on the `normalised_english_counts`
+
+Use `callable()` to check if the `fillvalue` should be called or just inserted
+
+ </textarea>
+ <script src="http://gnab.github.io/remark/downloads/remark-0.6.0.min.js" type="text/javascript">
+ </script>
+
+ <script type="text/javascript"
+ src="http://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML&delayStartupUntil=configured"></script>
+
+ <script type="text/javascript">
+ var slideshow = remark.create({ ratio: "16:9" });
+
+ // Setup MathJax
+ MathJax.Hub.Config({
+ tex2jax: {
+ skipTags: ['script', 'noscript', 'style', 'textarea', 'pre']
+ }
+ });
+ MathJax.Hub.Queue(function() {
+ $(MathJax.Hub.getAllJax()).map(function(index, elem) {
+ return(elem.SourceElement());
+ }).parent().addClass('has-jax');
+ });
+ MathJax.Hub.Configured();
+ </script>
+ </body>
+</html>
projects / cipher-training.git / commitdiff