slides/keyword-encipher.html

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  47
  48 # Keyword ciphers
  49
  50 a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z
  51 --|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|--
  52 k | e | y | w | o | r | d | a | b | c | f | g | h | i | j | l | m | n | p | q | s | t | u | v | x | z
  53
  54 * Taking a more Pythonic approach
  55
  56 ---
  57
  58 # The cipher
  59
  60 * Still character-by-character substitution, still monosubstitution.
  61
  62 Ciphertext alphabet: start with a keyword, write out the rest of the alphabet, removing duplicates.
  63
  64 ## Three variants
  65
  66 Write out the rest of the alphabet...
  67
  68 1. ...starting from 'a' (keywordabcf...)
  69 2. ...starting from the last letter of the keyword (keywordfgh...)
  70 3. ...starting from the largest letter of the keyword (keywordzabc...)
  71
  72 ---
  73
  74 # A more Pythonic way
  75
  76 _string_`.translate()` and _string_`.maketrans()`
  77
  78 * Make the 'ciphertext' alphabet, relate to the 'plaintext' alphabet (`string.ascii_lowercase`)
  79 * Use those to make the translation table
  80 * Enciphering is simply applying `plaintext.translate(enciphering_table)`
  81 * Deciphering just uses a different table
  82
  83 ---
  84
  85 # Making the cipher alphabet from a keyword
  86
  87 Three challenges:
  88
  89 1. How to say which type of cipher alphabet to use
  90 2. Where to start the rest of the alphabet
  91 3. Removing duplicate letters
  92
  93 Solutions:
  94
  95 1. Keyword arguments for procedures
  96 2. sort and slices
  97 3. Use something like an ordered set
  98
  99 Both enciphering and deciphering need the same keyword-based alphabet, so pull this out into another procedure.
 100
 101 ---
 102
 103 # Keyword arguments
 104
 105 Used to:
 106 1. give a default value for a parameter
 107 2. allow parameters to be named (not just positional)
 108
 109 Give our `keyword_encipher` and `keyword_decipher` procedures a keyword parameter of `wrap_alphabet`.
 110
 111 Pass this parameter to the `keyword_alphabet` procedure.
 112
 113 ## Note: `Enum` introduced in Python 3.4. This is a better solution.
 114
 115 ---
 116
 117 # Deduplicating a sequence
 118
 119 We need
 120
 121 * Something set-like
 122 * Something ordered
 123
 124 No ordered set in Python, but do have an ordered dict.
 125
 126 * Keys of a dict are a set.
 127 * Keys in an ordered dict retain their order (subsequent instances are ignored)
 128
 129 `deduplicated_list = list(collections.OrderedDict.fromkeys(list))`
 130
 131 ---
 132
 133 # Sorts and slices
 134
 135 ## Recap
 136 Write out the rest of the alphabet...
 137
 138 1. ...starting from 'a' (keywordabcf...)
 139 2. ...starting from the last letter of the keyword (keywordfgh...)
 140 3. ...starting from the largest letter of the keyword (keywordzabc...)
 141
 142 * Santitise the keyword before we use it
 143
 144 ## Cases
 145 1. As we're deduplicating anyway, just add the entire alphabet to the end of the keyword, then deduplicate.
 146 `deduplicate(keyword + string.ascii_lowercase)`
 147
 148 2. and 3. How to find the appropriate letter of the keyword.
 149
 150 Indexing pulls out letters. `'keyword'[0]` = 'k' ; `'keyword'[3]` = 'w' ; `'keyword'[-1]` = 'd'
 151 Slices pulls out substrings. `'keyword'[1:4]` = 'eyw' ; `'keyword'[:3]` = 'key' ; `'keyword'[5:]` = 'rd'
 152
 153 `deduplicate(keyword + string_ascii_lowercase[from:] + string.ascii_lowercase)`
 154
 155 Question: why not take a slice of the second alphabet copy?
 156
 157 Question: what do we use as the last letter of 'character'? 'r' or 'e'?
 158
 159 `sorted()` will put a string in lexicographical order.
 160 `.find()` will find an item in a sequence
 161
 162 ---
 163
 164 # Keyword enciphering
 165
 166 Now we've got the keyword-based cipher alphabet, simply use `.translate()` to do the enciphering/deciphering.
 167
 168 Use `''.maketrans()` to make the translation table.
 169
 170 Sorted!
 171
 172 Does it pass the tests?
 173
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